(c) External: An ultrasound transducer is placed on abdomen above gel substance that helps conduct sound. The results are printed on a continuous screen and graph paper.

(d) Internal: A spiral electrode is attached to the fetus' scalp or buttocks, providing another continuous but clearer printout of FHR.

(e) Presentation and position can be assessed by inspection, palpation, ultrasound of abdomen, and vaginal examination. This is important because it affects how well, if at all, fetus will pass through canal.

(f) Activity

(g) Fetal scalp stimulation test: Stimulate fetal scalp, through vaginal examination, to assess response in FHR.

(h) Fetal scalp sampling is acquiring a scalp blood specimen to assess acid/base balance (acidity indicates fetal distress).

(i) Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling is a sample of cord blood obtained through mother's abdomen.